Ai, T. J., & Kachitvichyanukul, V. (2009). Particle swarm optimization and two solution representations for solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem. Computer & Industrial Engineering, 56(1), 380-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2008.06.012
Alabool, H. M., Alarabiat, D., Abualigah, L., & Heidari, A. A. (2021). Harris hawks optimization: a comprehensive review of recent variants and applications. Neural Computing and Applications, 33, 8939-8980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05720-5
Alaia, E. B., Dridi, I. H., Bouchriha, H., & Borne, P. (2013). Optimization of the multi-depot & multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time windows using genetic algorithm. In International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT). https://doi.org/10.1109/CoDIT.2013.6689568
Alaia, E. B., Dridi, I. H., Bouchriha, H., & Borne, P. (2015). Genetic algorithm for multi-criteria optimization of multi-depots pick-up and delivery problems with time windows and multi-vehicles. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 12(8), 155-174. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.12.8.2015.8.9
Anass, T., Said, E., Salim, E. B. M., Abdelouahed, A. I., & Najdi, L. (2025). Optimizing medical logistics networks: a hybrid bat-ALNS approach for multi-depot VRPTW and simultaneous pickup-delivery. Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics, 7(4), 991-1011. https://doi.org/ 10.35882/jeeemi.v7i4.1054
Bai, Z., Snášel, V., Mirjalili, S., Vo, B., Kong, L., & Wang, X. (2026). A novel membrane-inspired evolutionary algorithm framework for VRPTW. Applied Intelligence, 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-07068-y
Bektas, T. (2006). The multiple traveling salesman problem: an overview of formulations and solution procedures. Omega, 34(3), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2004.10.004
Cordeau, J-F., Gendreau, M., Laporte, G., Potvin, J-Y., & Semet, F. (2002). A guide to vehicle routing heuristics. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 53(5), 512-522. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601319
Dantzig, G. B., & Ramser, J. H. (1959). The truck dispatching problem. Management Science, 6(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.6.1.80
Derrac, J., García, S., Molina, D., & Herrera, F. (2011). A practical tutorial on the use of nonparametric statistical tests as a methodology for comparing evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 1(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2011.02.002
Eberhart, R. C., & Shi, Y. (2001). Particle swarm optimization: developments, applications and resources, In Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 1, 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2001.934374
Escobar, J. W., Linfati, R., Toth, P., & Baldoquin, M. (2014). A hybrid granular tabu search algorithm for the multi-depot vehicle routing problem. Journal of Heuristics, 20(5), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-014-9247-0
George, S., & Binu, S. (2018). Vehicle route optimisation using artificial bees colony algorithm and cuckoo search algorithm - a comparative study. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(2), 953-959.
Ghobadi, A., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R., Fallah, M., & Kazemipoor, H. (2021). Multi-depot electric vehicle routing problem with fuzzy time windows and pickup/delivery constraints. Journal of Applied Research on Industrial Engineering, 8(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.22105/jarie.2021.231764
Goldberg, D. E. (1989). Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimisation and Machine Learning, Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley. https://doi.org/10.5555/534133
Golden, B. L., & Assad, A. A. (1988). Vehicle Routing: Methods and Studies. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
Goli, A., Aazami, A., & Jabbarzadeh, A. (2018). Accelerated cuckoo optimization algorithm for capacitated vehicle routing problem in competitive conditions. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 16(1), 88-112.
Heidari, A. A., Mirjalili, S., Faris, H., Aljarah, I., Mafarja, M., & Chen, H. (2019). Harris hawks optimization: algorithm and applications. Future Generation Computer Systems, 97, 849-872. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.future.2019.02.028
Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/ mitpress/1090.001.0001
Huang, L., Fu, Q., & Tong, N. (2023). An improved Harris hawks optimization algorithm and its application in grid map path planning. Biomimetics, 8(428). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8050428
Hussien, A. G., Abualigah, L., Zitar, R. A., Hashim, F. A., Amin, M., Saber, A., Almotairi, K., & Gandomi, A. H. (2022). Recent advances in Harris hawks optimization: a comparative study and applications. Electronics, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121919
Juan, A. A., Pascual, I., Guimarans, D., & Barrios, B. (2014). Combining biased randomization with iterated local search for solving the multi-depot vehicle routing problem. International Transactions in Operational Research, 22, 647-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.12101
Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. C. (1995). Particle swarm optimization, In IEEE Conference on Neural Networks, IV, 1942-1948. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968
Kulworawanichpong, T., Puangdownreong, D., & Sujitjorn, S. (2004). Finite convergence of adaptive tabu search. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development, 21(2&3), 103-115.
Li, H., & Lim, A. A. (2001). A metaheuristic for the pickup and delivery problem with time windows, In International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTAI.2001.974461
Li, H., & Lim, A. A. (2003). A metaheuristic for the pickup and delivery problem with time windows. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools, 12(2), 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218213003001186
Li, H., & Lim, A. A. (2008). Pickup and delivery problem with time windows instances, Available: https://www. sintef.no/projectweb/top/pdptw/li-lim-benchmark/. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2022.1167
Lv, H., Liu, R., & Li, J. (2025). A multitasking ant system for multi-depot pick-up and delivery location routing problem with time window. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 11(159). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01750-3
Modares, A., Somhom, S., & Enkawa, T. (1999). A self-organizing neural network approach for multiple traveling salesman and vehicle routing problems. International Transactions in Operational Research, 6(6), 591-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.1999.tb00175.x
Naccache, S., Côté, J-F., & Coelho, L. C. (2018). An adaptive large neighborhood search for the multi-pickup and delivery problem with time windows. European Journal of Operational Research, 269(1). https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ejor.2018.01.035
Nagy, G., & Salhi, S. (2005). Heuristics algorithm for single and multiple depot vehicle routing problem with pickups and deliveries. European Journal of Operational Research, 162, 126-141. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ejor.2002.11.003
Polacek, M., Hartl, R., Doerner, K., & Reimann, M. (2004). A variable neighborhood search for the multidepot vehicle routing problem with time windows. Journal of Heuristics, 10, 613-627. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10732-005-5432-5
Puangdownreong, D., Sujitjorn, S., & Kulworawanichpong, T. (2004). Convergence analysis of adaptive tabu search. ScienceAsia Journal of the Science Society of Thailand, 30(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.2306/ scienceasia1513-1874.2004.30.183
Ramos, T. R. P., Gomes, M. I., & Póvoa, A. P. B. (2020). Multi-depot vehicle routing problem: a comparative study of alternative formulations. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 23(2), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2019.1630374
Schaap, H., Schiffer, M., Schneider, M., Walther, Grit. (2022). A large neighborhood search for the vehicle routing problem with multiple time windows. Transportation Science, 56(2). https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2021.1120
Shi, Y., Lv, L., Hu, F., & Han, Q. (2020). A heuristic solution method for multi-depot vehicle routing-based waste collection problems. Applied Science, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072403
Sombuntham, P., & Kachitvichayanukul, V. (2010). A particle swarm optimization algorithm for multidepot vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery requests. In International Multi-Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, 3.
Sombunthama, P., & Kachitvichyanukul, V. (2010). Multi-depot vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery requests. IAENG Transactions on Engineering Technologies, 5, 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3510581
Sujitjorn, S., Kulworawanichpong, T., Puangdownreong, D., & Areerak, K-N. (2006). Adaptive tabu search and applications in engineering design. Integrated Intelligent Systems for Engineering Design (Eds. X. F. Zha and R. J. Howlett), IOS Press, Netherland, 233-257.
Suwannarongsri, S. (2020). Application of modified flower pollination algorithm to multiple vehicle routing problems with time constraints. WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, 15, 459-467. https://doi.org/10.37394/23203.2020.15.46
Suwannarongsri, S. (2021). Optimal solving multi-vehicle routing problems via parallel cuckoo search. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 17(6), 1921-1935. https://doi.org/10.24507/ijicic.17.06.1921
Suwannarongsri, S. (2023). Optimal solving multi-depot vehicle routing problem by modern metaheuristic algorithm. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 19(6), 1753-1767. https://doi.org/10.24507/ijicic.19.06.1753
Suwannarongsri, S. (2025). Application of parallel grey wolf optimizer for optimal solving multi-depot vehicle routing problem. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 21(5), 1277-1296. https://doi.org/10.24507/ijicic.21.05.1277
Toklu, N. E., Gambardella, L. M., & Montemanni, R. (2014). A multiple ant colony system for a vehicle routing problem with time windows and uncertain travel times. Journal of Traffic and Logistics Engineering, 2(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.12720/jtle.2.1.52-58
Tripathy, B. K., Maddikunta, P. K. R., Pham, Q-V., Gadekallu, T. R., Dev, K., Pandya, S., & El-Halawany, B. M. (2022). Harris hawk optimization: a survey on variants and applications. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2218594
Wei, X., Xiao, Z., & Wang, Y. (2024). Solving the vehicle routing problem with time windows using modified rat swarm optimization algorithm based on large neighborhood search. Mathematics, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/math12111702
Wilcoxon, F. (1945). Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin, 1(6), 80-83. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/3001968
Yang, Y., Sun, J., & Cui, J. (2020). Evolutionary game analysis on the choice of vehicle sharing travel modes. ICIC Express Letters, Part B: Applications, 11(3), 289-295. https://doi.org/10.24507/icicelb.11.03.289
Zhou, W., & Li, Y. (2010). Improved genetic algorithm for multiple traveling salesman problem. In International Asia Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, 1, 493-495. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/CAR.2010.5456787
