International Journal of Supply and Operations Management

International Journal of Supply and Operations Management

Lean Six Sigma Tools for Optimizing Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises: A Systematic Literature Review

Document Type : Review Paper

Authors
Thomas Munyai
Refentse Lydia Selepe
Olasumbo Makinde
Department of Operations Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
10.22034/ijsom.2026.111035.3572
Abstract
Objective: Manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face growing competitive pressures due to operational inefficiencies, high defect rates, equipment unreliability and resource constraints. Lean Six Sigma (LSS), which combines Lean waste-reduction with Six Sigma’s data-driven quality-improvement approach, has emerged as an effective methodology for enhancing operational performance. This study synthesizes recent empirical evidence on the application and outcomes of LSS in manufacturing SMEs.
Methods: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers indexed in the Scopus database between 2021 and 2025. Studies were identified through a structured Boolean search strategy and screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Bibliometric analysis, keyword co-occurrence mapping, and comparative evaluation were used to identify research trends, key LSS tools, and associated performance outcomes.
Results: Findings reveal increasing scholarly interest in LSS implementation within manufacturing SMEs. Strong relationships were identified between LSS tools and performance indicators such as productivity, efficiency, lead-time reduction and quality improvement. Commonly applied tools include DMAIC, Value Stream Mapping, 5S, Kaizen, TPM, SMED and Statistical Process Control. Reported outcomes include defect reductions of up to 70%, productivity gains exceeding 20%, reduced cycle times, and improvements in Overall Equipment Effectiveness of 15-20%.
Conclusion: LSS significantly improves operational and quality performance in manufacturing SMEs. Emerging evidence also highlights the integration of LSS with Industry 4.0 technologies, supporting data-driven continuous improvement and sustainable competitiveness
Keywords
lean six sigma
manufacturing SMEs
operational efficiency
continuous improvement
industry 4.0
Subjects
Abalkina, A. (2024). Challenges posed by hijacked journals in Scopus. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 75(4), 395–422. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24855
Ahmad, A. H., Mohamed, N. M. Z. N., & Aziz, F. A. (2024). Value stream mapping implementation in a small and medium agro-based industry. Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology, 8(2), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v8i2.11166
Alanya, B. S., Dextre, K. E., Nuñez, V. H., Marcelo, E., Alvarez, J. C., & Hatakeyama, K. (2024). Application of lean manufacturing to improve processes and increase productivity in the textile industry of Peru: Case study. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 35(2), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.7166/35-2-2932
Alarcón, F. J., Calero, M., Martín-Lara, M. Á., & Pérez-Huertas, S. (2024). An integrated lean and Six Sigma framework for improving productivity performance: A case study in a Spanish chemicals manufacturer. Applied Sciences, 14(23), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310894
Aldouri, S. N. M. (2025). Digital twin-enabled just-in-time and kanban implementation framework for Industry 4.0 transformation in SMEs. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 16(4), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.24867/IJIEM-392
Al-Zubidy, A. & Carver, J.C. (2019). Identification and prioritization of SLR search tool requirements: An SLR and a survey. Empirical Software Engineering, 24(1), 139–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9626-5
Apte, D., Hatte, P., & Pradhan, V. (2025). Productivity improvement in manufacturing of furniture using quality function deployment approach. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences—Sigma Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 43(6), 1982–1994. https://doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2025.00139
Ashkani,O. & Ilkhani,A. (2026). A cross-organizational empirical evaluation of DFMEA effectiveness in identifying and prioritizing design risks in manufacturing systems. (e2969). Journal of Optimization and Supply Chain Management, (in-press), e2969, https://doi.org/10.22034/ISS.2026.10833.1097  
 Aslan, N. S., Sazali, N., Sazali, N., & Junaidi, A. (2024). The effect of lean manufacturing on production/operation for the small and medium enterprise in Malaysia. Journal of Advanced Research Design, 121(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.37934/ard.121.1.4050
Baas, J., Schotten, M., Plume, A.M., Côté, G. & Karimi, R. (2020). Scopus as a curated, high-quality bibliometric data source for academic research in quantitative science studies. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(1), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00019
Braga, W. L. M., Naves, F. L., & Gomes, J. H. F. (2020). Optimization of Kanban systems using robust parameter design: A case of study. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 106(3–4), 1365–1374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04756-1
Braglia, M., Castellano, D., Gabbrielli, R. & Marrazzini, L. (2021). A revised PFMEA approach for reliable design of assembly activities. Designs, 5(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5010012
Carrera-Rivera, A., Ochoa, W., Larrinaga, F. & Lasa, G. (2022). How-to conduct a systematic literature review: A quick guide for computer science research. MethodsX, 9, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101895
Castañeda, S., Rodriguez, S., Yildiz, O., Aranda, D., & Alvarez, J. C. (2024). Increase of the availability of machinery in a food company applying the TPM, SMED and RCM methodologies. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 72(8), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V72I8P114
Chundhoo, V., Chattopadhyay, G., Karmakar, G., & Appuhamillage, G. K. (2025). Embedding risk in total productive maintenance model. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 16(4), 1645–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-025-02736-1
Collao-Diaz, M. F., Saavedra-Cielo, M. V., Calderón, W. D., & Reimer, D. (2024). Optimizing fill rate and inventory control in Peruvian bakery SMEs through 5S and MRP integration. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 11(11), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V11I11P103
Contreras-Rios, V., Cortavarría-Cruz, M., León-Chavarri, C., Alvarez, J.C. & Lepore, R. (2025). Process optimization through the implementation of SLP, Kanban, Poka-yoke and TPM to improve efficiency in a metalworking SME. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 73(6), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I6P122
Dahab, A., Younes, M. A., & Backar, S. (2024). Deployment of Lean Six Sigma framework with environmental considerations in SMEs: A case study. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 41(3), 389–417. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPQM.2024.137323
Dextre, K.E., Nuñez, V.H., Marcelo, G.E., Alvarez, J.C. & Hatakeyama, K., 2024. Application of lean manufacturing to improve processes and increase productivity in the textile industry of Peru: A case study. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 35(2), pp. 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7166/35-2-2932
Farwaha, H. S., Singh, P., Kumar, M., Ranjan, N., & Kaur, H. (2024, February). Enhancing sustainability in manufacturing: A case study on reducing changeover time through single minute exchange of dies and risk analysis. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3050, No. 1, p. 050009). AIP Publishing, LLC, Article 050009. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0193678
Fayyaz, A., Liu, C., Xu, Y., Farooq, A., & Ahmed, S. (2025). Linkages between lean Six Sigma, green manufacturing, circular economy and operational performance in manufacturing organizations of a developing country. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 16(7), 1549–1586. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLSS-12-2023-0229
Filho, W. M. M., Yoshimura, S. L., Marques, A. S., Sousa, J. Z., Siqueira, G., Alves, M. A. L., & Ferreira, W. G. (2025). Application of lean manufacturing tools to reduce defect incidence in tire production. SAE Technical Paper Series, 2025–Congress. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-36-0021
Florez-Cáceres, R. M., Huamán-Echevaría, C. E., & Quiroz-Flores, J. C. (2024). Improving productivity in an SME in the metalworking sector through lean manufacturing and TPM tools: A case study in Peru. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 35(2), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.7166/35-2-3013
Gomaa, A.H. (2025). Advancing total productive maintenance in smart manufacturing: From methodology to implementation. Intelligent and Sustainable Manufacturing, 2(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.70322/ism.2025.10019
Gonzales-Vera, R., Rodriguez-Barrientos, K., Castro-Rangel, P., Alvarez, J.C. & Lepore, R. (2025). Improvement model of OEE in the production process of cardboard boxes through SMED, TPM, automation, and IoT. SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 12(6), 34–51.  https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V12I6P104
Hieu, N.K., Ngoc, H.T.M. & Van, N.T.A. (2025). Applying DMAIC method in Six Sigma to improve productivity: A case study at a fabric manufacturing company. Journal of Development and Integration, 81, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.61602/jdi.2025.81.02
Islahudin, N., Yusianto, R., & Theo Jodanta, T. (2024). Manufacturing lead time using the value stream mapping (VSM) approach in the oyster mushroom baglog production process. El-Cezeri Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 11(3), 234–245. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1409431
Kanan, M., Jebreen, A., Saleh, Y., Zaid, A.A., Assaf, R., Tunsi, W. & Al-Sartawi, A. (2023). Assessing the implementation of statistical process control in food industries: An empirical study from a developing country context. Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications, 6(2), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.31181/oresta/0602118
Kanakana-Katumba, M.G., Mofokeng, T.M. & Ramasu, T.K., 2024. Optimization of the clothing industry manufacturing process using lean manufacturing techniques. Engineering Proceedings, 76(28), pp. 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076028
Kemeç, A., & Altınay, A. T. (2023). Sustainable energy research trend: A bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer, RStudio bibliometrix, and CiteSpace software tools. Sustainability, 15(4),1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043618
Khoza, S., Mafini, C., & Loury Okoumba, W. V. (2022). Lean practices and supply-chain competitiveness in the steel industry in Gauteng, South Africa. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 25(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v25i1.4617
Kumar, P., Singh, D., & Bhamu, J. (2021). Development and validation of DMAIC based framework for process improvement: A case study of Indian manufacturing organization. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 38(9), 1964–1991. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-10-2020-0332
Kumar, R., Kumar, A. & Kumar, R. (2025). Integrating lean and green strategies and their effect on manufacturing industry performance: An empirical study. Evergreen, 12(4), 1929–1945. https://doi.org/10.5109/7402626
Lago-Domínguez, E.M., Lago-Domínguez, M.F. & Corzo-Chavez, J.A. (2024). Improvement design to increase productivity in the finishing area through the use of Poka Yoke, value stream mapping and SMED in a company of the plastics business. Proceedings of the LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2024.1.1.350
Le, P. L., & Nguyen, N. T. D. (2022). Prospect of lean practices towards construction supply chain management trends. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 13(3), 557–593. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLSS-06-2020-0071
Lino Moreno, S. E., Navarro Ayola, B. L., Salas, R., & Nallusamy, S. (2025). Enhancement of operational efficiency in a plastic manufacturing industry through TPM, SMED, and machine learning—Case study. Sustainability, 17(16), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167445
Lucantoni, L., Antomarioni, S., Ciarapica, F. E., & Bevilacqua, M. (2025). A data-driven framework for supporting the total productive maintenance strategy. Expert Systems with Applications, 268, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.126283
Lv, Z., Guo, J., & Lv, H. (2023). Safety poka yoke in zero-defect manufacturing based on digital twins. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 19(2), 1176–1184. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2021.3139897
Martins, J., Gonçalves, R., & Branco, F. (2022). A bibliometric analysis and visualization of e-learning adoption using VOSviewer. Universal Access in the Information Society, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-022-00953-0
Mičieta, B., Howaniec, H., Biňasová, V., Kasajová, M. & Fusko, M. (2021). Increasing work efficiency in a manufacturing setting using Gemba Walk. European Research Studies Journal, 24(4), 601–620. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2792
Mittal, A., Gupta, P., Kumar, V., Al Owad, A., Mahlawat, S., & Singh, S. (2023). The performance improvement analysis using Six Sigma DMAIC methodology: A case study on Indian manufacturing company. Heliyon, 9(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14625
Mogatusi, S., Takalani, T., & Gupta, K. (2025). Leveraging Six Sigma DMAIC for lean implementation in mechanical workshops. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111788
Mohamed Shaffril, H.A., Samsuddin, S.F. & Abu Samah, A. (2021). The ABC of systematic literature review: The basic methodological guidance for beginners. Quality & Quantity, 55(4), 1319–1346.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01059-6
Nascimento, D. L. M., Goncalvez Quelhas, O. L., Gusmão Caiado, R. G., Tortorella, G. L., Garza-Reyes, J. A., & Rocha-Lona, L. (2020). A lean Six Sigma framework for continuous and incremental improvement in the oil and gas sector. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 11(3), 577–595. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLSS-02-2019-0011
Okpala, C., Nwamekwe, C.O. & Ezeanyim, O.C. (2024). The implementation of kaizen principles in manufacturing processes: A pathway to continuous improvement. International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 13(7), 116–124. https://hal.science/hal-04669397v1/document
Omoush, M., Moflih, M., & Almetrami, R. (2020). Evaluating the five kaizen success measurements through employees work improvement and its effects on overall work and quality of services: Empirical study of insurance companies in Jordan. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(4), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.9994
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2023. Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2023: An OECD Scoreboard. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/69018ced-en
Papageorgiou, K., Theodosiou, T., Rapti, A., Papageorgiou, E. I., Dimitriou, N., Tzovaras, D., & Margetis, G. (2022). A systematic review on machine learning methods for root cause analysis towards zero-defect manufacturing. Frontiers in Manufacturing Technology, 2, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmtec.2022.972712
Pawar, H. U., Bagga, S. K., & Dubey, D. K. (2021). Investigation of production parameters for process capability analysis: A case study. Materials Today: Proceedings, 43, 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.627
Pekarcikova, M., Trebuna, P., Kronova, J., & Kliment, M. (2025). E-Kanban application and value stream mapping in the optimisation of logistics processes. Management and Production Engineering Review, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24425/mper.2025.153929
Pongboonchai-Empl, T., Antony, J., Garza-Reyes, J. A., Komkowski, T., & Tortorella, G. L. (2024). Integration of industry 4.0 technologies into lean Six Sigma DMAIC: A systematic review. Production Planning and Control, 35(12), 1403–1428. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2023.2188496
Ramasu, T.K. & Kanakana-Katumba, M.G. (2025). Implementation of a lean manufacturing approach to improving productivity in SMEs: A case study in a cloth manufacturing company. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 36(4), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.7166/36-4-3238
Rathi, S. S., Sahu, M. K., & Kumar, S. (2025, May). Productivity improvement of the rolling mill in the steel plant by implementing lean manufacturing tools. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3185, No. 1, p. 020086). AIP Publishing, LLC, Article 020086. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0241778
Ren, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, M., Hu, F., & Huang, H. (2025). Deploying lean Six Sigma to improve assembly precision of NEV component: Evidence from Chinese SME. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 41(7), 2897–2908. https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.70001
Rodrigues, J., Sá, J. C., Silva, F. J. G., Ferreira, L. P., Jimenez, G., & Santos, G. (2020). A rapid improvement process through “quick-win” lean tools: A case study. Systems, 8(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems8040055
Romero, D., Gaiardelli, P., Wuest, T., Powell, D. & Thürer, M. (2020). New forms of Gemba walks and their digital tools in the digital lean manufacturing world. In: Advances in Production Management Systems. Towards Smart and Digital Manufacturing (APMS 2020). IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol. 592. Cham: Springer, pp.432–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57997-5_50
Rukmana, A. N., Nurrahman, A. A., Selamat, S., & Abdillah, S. (2024). Enhancing reliability in garment manufacturing through FMEA and FTA. Acta Logistica, 11(4), 579–587. https://doi.org/10.22306/al.v11i4.548
Rusli, M.H.M., Hassan, M.K., Muhamud-Kayat, S. and Michael, E., 2024. Development of IoT Kaizen system for smart lean raw material inventory management: A case study at an SME factory in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 72(4), pp.1–14. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V72I4P101
Salah, B., Alnahhal, M., & Ali, M. (2023). Risk prioritization using a modified FMEA analysis in industry 4.0. Journal of Engineering Research, 11(4), 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2023.07.001
Sanchez-Marquez, R., & Jabaloyes Vivas, J. M. (2020). Multivariate SPC methods for controlling manufacturing processes using predictive models—A case study in the automotive sector. Computers in Industry, 123, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2020.103307
Shahriar, M. M., Parvez, M. S., Islam, M. A., & Talapatra, S. (2022). Implementation of 5S in a plastic bag manufacturing industry: A case study. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 8, Article 100488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100488
Shou, W., Wang, J., Wu, P., & Wang, X. (2020). Value adding and non-value adding activities in turnaround maintenance process: Classification, validation, and benefits. Production Planning and Control, 31(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1629038
Sousa, S., Silva, M. M., & Gaspar, P. D. (2025). Implementation of SMED workshops: A strategic approach in the automotive sector. Applied Sciences, 15(16), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168943
Sumasto, F., Safitri, I. N., Imansuri, F., Pratama, I. R., Wulansari, I., Solih, E. S., & Dzulfikar, A. (2024). Enhancing overall equipment effectiveness in Indonesian automotive SMEs: A TPM approach. Journal Europeen des Systemes Automatises, 57(2), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.570208
Suparno, A., Kholil, M., Sa’diyah, F., & H Hasan, S. B. (2021). Implementation of lean manufacturing and waste minimization to overcome delay in metering regulating system fabrication process using value stream mapping and VALSAT method approach (Case Study: company YS). International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials, 2(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.37869/ijatec.v2i1.41
Swarnakar, V., Bagherian, A., & Singh, A. R. (2023). Prioritization of critical success factors for sustainable Lean Six Sigma implementation in Indian healthcare organizations using best-worst-method. The TQM Journal, 35(3), 630–653. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-07-2021-0199
Tahasin, T.A., Gupta, H.S. & Tuli, N.T. (2021). Analyzing the impact of 5S implementation in the manufacturing department: A case study. International Journal of Research in Industrial Engineering, 10(4), 286–294. https://doi.org/10.22105/riej.2021.229039.1230
Tejada, S., Valdez, S., Yildiz, O., Salas-Castro, R., & Alvarez, J. C. (2025). A data-driven lean manufacturing framework for enhancing productivity in textile micro-enterprises. Sustainability, 17(11), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115207
Tortorella, G.L., Giglio, R. and Van Dun, D.H., 2021. Industry 4.0 adoption as a moderator of the impact of Lean production practices on operational performance improvement. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 41(6), pp.860–886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-01-2020-0014
Tsarouhas, P., & Sidiropoulou, N. (2024). Application of Six Sigma methodology using DMAIC approach for a packaging olives production system: A case study. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 15(2), 247–273. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLSS-06-2022-0140
Vargas-Patroni, A., Jackson-Aguilar, A. & Collao-Diaz, M., 2024. Production model based on Lean Manufacturing-TPM to increase the service level in a SME in the food sector. LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology, 1(10), pp. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2024.1.1.171 
Vergara, M. Á., Villalobos, M. B., Castro-Rangel, P., Alvarez, J. C., & Lepore, R. (2025). Productivity improvement model in the garment industry: Application of standardized work and poka yoke with artificial vision. Textiles, 5(4), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5040064
Wang, C.-N., Vo, T. T. B. C., Hsu, H.-P., Chung, Y.-C., Nguyen, N. T., & Nhieu, N.-L. (2024). Improving processing efficiency through workflow process reengineering, simulation and value stream mapping: A case study of business process reengineering. Business Process Management Journal, 30(7), 2482–2515. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2023-0869
Wong, F.R., Ahmad, A.A. & Nor Azaki, M.F.A. (2025). Improving the manufacturing of square flange gasket through lean practices. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 17(4), 153–168. https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/ijie/article/view/21293
Woodcock, T., O’Connor, I., & Bell, D. (2025). Re-establishing control limits in statistical process control analyses: The stable shift algorithm. BMJ Quality and Safety, 35(3), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2025-019263
Yu, W., Wong, C. Y., Jacobs, M. A., & Chavez, R. (2024). What are the right configurations of just-in-time and just-in-case when supply chain shocks increase? International Journal of Production Economics, 276, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109352
Zala, S.H., Jadeja, N.N., Chothani, H.G., Vyas, H.G., Marsonia, D.J. & Mehta, N.D. (2024). Application of lean Six Sigma tools for performance improvement in an automobile sector SME. SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 11(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V11I7P101
Zamalloa-Menacho, A., Manani-Rojas, R., Flores-Perez, A.E. & Collao-Diaz, M.F.,2022. Proposal of production model based on Lean and continuous improvement to improve the productivity in SMEs of baking: An empirical investigation in Peru. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management (IEIM 2022). Barcelona, Spain, pp. 66–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3524338.3524349
 
International Journal of Supply and Operations Management
Volume 13, Issue 2
Spring 2026
Pages 174-203